An Exploration of the Techniques and Applications of Tape and Jointing in Construction: The Modern Means of House. Future Recommendations and Studies

1. Introduction

Investigating drywall finishing and taping/jointing techniques is important to the construction of today's houses. With my experience in the trade I will discuss the various techniques and applications of tape and jointing in construction, focusing on how these methods have evolved over time. This will provide a solid foundation for future studies and recommendations in the field. This will provide a solid foundation for future studies and recommendations in the field of tape and jointing in construction. It is essential to understand the various techniques and applications used in modern house construction to make informed future decisions. Overall construction methods, house designs, and aesthetics need to meet citizens' evolving wants and requirements. As a result, building is done differently than it was in the past. Older construction techniques involving masonry bricks and wooden structures took a long time to finish and required specialized craftsmen. As a consequence, drywall installation and taping/jointing have been developed. In order for drywall installation to meet realistic standards, taping and jointing is the first step to consider. Basic techniques for taping/jointing will be investigated qualitatively and quantitatively in relation to crude construction and house finishing costs to discover the modern house's construction. The significance of taping and jointing in drywall installation will be addressed in relation to the house drying-out process. In addition, advantages and drawbacks of addressing incorrect taping/jointing techniques with new build houses will be discussed with the accessibility of reconstructing them. Taping and jointing techniques will be illustrated from an almost amateur DIY perspective based on present research. Recommendations on possible work, studies, and additional papers for the future close the essay.

2. Historical Overview of Tape and Jointing in Construction

2.1 Introduction of Tape-and-Jointing Tape-and-jointing is a plaster-like wall covering material that was originally developed in the United Kingdom. In general, the mode of application is by using a mortar-based joint filler, taped joints, and a powder-based joint compound after the joints were filled. As commonly as this system has been used over the years, it does have its limitations. For instance, the probability of failure during an earthquake is a drawback of the tape and jointing system. Moreover, it does not provide a fireproof bearing wall without the incorporation of third-party products. When the tape and jointing system is adopted to improve its performance to overcome the intrinsic deficiencies, new reusable formwork to sustain double-sided boards to improve its behavior is incorporated. Conclusively, new reusable formwork would help to improve the force-resistance ductility significantly, as well as other resistances such as fire and weather. The incorporation of new reusable formwork into the tape and jointing system opens up a world of possibilities. Not only does it enhance the force-resistance ductility, but it also improves other important aspects such as fire and weather resistance. By introducing this innovative formwork, the limitations of the tape and jointing system can be effectively overcome. During an earthquake, the tape and jointing system is susceptible to failure. This drawback is a cause for concern, as it can lead to severe damage and compromise the structural integrity of the walls. However, with the integration of the new reusable formwork, the tape and jointing system becomes more robust and resilient, reducing the probability of failure during seismic events. Additionally, the tape and jointing system alone does not offer a fireproof bearing wall. This means that in order to achieve fire resistance, third-party products need to be incorporated. This dependence on external products can be a hassle and adds complexity to the construction process. However, with the introduction of the innovative reusable formwork, the need for third-party products is eliminated. This ensures that the tape and jointing system provides a fireproof bearing wall without any additional complications. Furthermore, the tape and jointing system's performance can be further improved by utilizing the new formwork. The incorporation of double-sided boards, sustained by the reusable formwork, enhances the overall behavior of the system. This results in increased strength and durability, as well as improved resistance against external factors such as fire and weather. In conclusion, the introduction of new reusable formwork into the tape and jointing system brings about significant advancements. Not only does it enhance the force-resistance ductility, but it also addresses limitations such as the probability of failure during earthquakes and the lack of fireproof bearing walls. The innovative formwork offers a comprehensive solution, improving the overall performance and durability of the tape and jointing system. With these enhancements, the tape and jointing system becomes a reliable and efficient choice for wall covering, offering enhanced strength, fire resistance, and weather resilience.(Solomon et 2024)

2.2 Materials The usual joint-fill material is a standard-setting or medium-setting compound that is based on plaster but is considered subpar. The retardation mechanism can stem from the utilization of a retarder that can allow more time before the initial set or the utilization of other hydrated phospho-gypsum materials, which provides a longer delay rather than a setting reaction. As usual, for jointing compounds with medium drying properties or hard-to-sand setting behavior, powdered joint compound is incorporated with taping compound. In most cases, the magic joint compound is preferred, which has drying tendencies, faster drying, minimal shrinkage, and easy-sanding properties. This accelerates the construction process, saving the labor portion of the cost. Other materials that are widely used to finish tape-and-jointing are gypsum-based or cementitious paints. These materials utilized in this study provide different surface characteristics such as fireproofing, increased rigidity, and higher compressive strength, as metallic rebar is already integrated at the defined assembly area. Consequently, it allows subsequent procedures post-installation, including drilling and demolition.

3. Modern Techniques and Materials in Tape and Jointing

Modern buildings can be constructed mainly from the application of multi-disciplined drylining techniques. This activity is essential during the stages following the erection of the internal load-bearing walls. Once the walls are in place, insulated, provided with services, and protected, these wall linings are skim finished to form a plastered surface suitable for decoration. The use of wet trade techniques produces a massive input of water and subsequent evaporating drying time which, if unchecked, produces humidity levels dangerous to the fabric of the building and the decorators' work. The development of high-performance, pre-fabricated boards and components has resulted in a complex system, which offers practical, as well as aesthetic, solutions to many of the problems presented by the limitations of the building performance criteria presently encountered. With regard to internal wall material applications, nine different uses can be clustered in the new drylining industry.

Depending on the application desired, a paper joint is applied, which is either known as paper joint filler or paper joint cement. Plasterboard can be used to finish either high-performance paper joint applications or normal commercial tape and jointing. 'Hardening techniques' utilize an acrylated copolymer emulsion, which provides adhesion and flexibility at low temperatures with good hardness and tensile strength when the paper joint is setting. After the application of the joint tape, the joints and fastener heads are filled and allowed to dry. Subsequent decoration can be performed with standard trades that no longer have any need to wait prolonged periods. Wider taping applications benefit in much the same way; nonetheless, setting tapes are possible as well, these employing the characteristics of a setting plaster that can reduce the proportion of downtime even further. Such developments enable the possibility of a jointing-only company undertaking complete interior wall upgrades that rely essentially on the rather more selective use of the 'skilled labor' needed to install the wall linings. The end of those certain parts that tape and joint would ultimately apply at a cost consistent with today's market conditions. (Sanghvi et al., 2022)(Han et al.2020)

3.1. Drywall Tape and Jointing Systems

Drywall taping and jointing is a highly efficient system that was specifically devised to deliver a superior finish for gypsum board partitioning and ceiling linings. The fundamental principle behind this innovative system revolves around eschewing the traditional method of fastening joints with screws, applying wet jointing compound, meticulously sanding them down, and subsequently filling over the screw heads. Instead, in this modern approach, the components are secured using the appropriate type of screw, effortlessly set on the screw head with the aid of a drywall setting tool or collated automatic screwdriver, and then meticulously taped over to create a flawlessly polished surface. This ingenious system has proven to be particularly effective when employed with gypsum board fixing systems that utilize the more state-of-the-art drywall screws, which only necessitate a simple setting operation to generate a fixing that performs at the same level as a traditional nailed fixing. Consequently, these drywall ceiling or partitioning systems can be seamlessly installed using an in-house fixing system specifically tailored in collaboration with renowned metal component manufacturers. In various sectors such as airports and the retail developments of shopping centers, the utilization of hot-dip galvanized sections and self-drilling screws has become the norm. This not only enhances the structural robustness of the system but also significantly expedites the construction process. This, in turn, maximizes the return on capital investment by enabling contractors to swiftly erect premium-quality internal concourses. The reduced floor-to-floor heights on specific projects further contribute to cutting overall project costs, as the ride-to-floor system no longer necessitates meticulous scheduling, consequently minimizing program durations. Moreover, the complexity of the services involved has been substantially reduced, prompting wide acclaim from retailers who have been duly impressed with the unmatched quality of these meticulously designed and installed fit-outs. To ensure the necessary levels of fire resistance, the gypsum board linings are expertly sealed against vermiculite-filled beams. This intelligent measure also facilitates the containment of additional services in strict accordance with the specified data. Furthermore, this groundbreaking system has offered developers unprecedented opportunities to establish pre-ordering and stockholding systems with their in-house fixers, thus granting them unparalleled flexibility in their shop fitting endeavors. This approach has garnered immense success, especially within the thriving DIY trade outlets. Breaking new ground yet again, recent advancements now enable the hanging fixing to be in set resin channels, providing a remarkable outlet for increasing the weight of hanging displays from the infill linings. This avant-garde technique has positively revolutionized the field, opening up new avenues for innovation and creative expression within interior design. (Drawings & Samples2021)

3.2. Plasterboard Tape and Jointing

In commercial and domestic construction, a considerable amount of time and cost goes into the finishing of drywall joints and fastener heads. Traditionally, this was achieved via a complicated and time-consuming process to achieve a plaster-finished joint. However, the unsuitability of wet plaster has led to the emergence of dry finish systems, such as plasterboard tape and jointing, where the plaster is applied in dry rather than wet form. Plasterboard tape and jointing can achieve an excellent finish with the minimum outlay of time and money, but it is a skilled trade that is often carried out by relatively low-paid workers, using materials that have been poorly designed. The focus of this paper is the applied scientific examination of a manual process to introduce skill, leading to potential innovation across the range of processes involved with plasterboard tape and jointing. The aim is to develop and achieve an optimal method for first fix and finish of drywall systems resulting in significant time and cost savings. Initial time trials have demonstrated that the time required for first fixing apartments has been reduced for both internal and external walls when using the dual approach of plasterboard adhesive and screws for mattress fastening opposed to the traditional screw-only method. Ongoing trials suggest further significant time and cost savings are achievable when using the skills developed from applying plasterboard tape and jointing methods as an alternative solution for finishing the joints. (Brosque et al., 2023)

4. Applications of Tape and Jointing in Construction

4.1 Dry Walls: Construction without Cracks The finishing techniques outlined in the section are key to the application of tape and jointing in dry wall construction. By employing these techniques, one can increase the speed and efficiency of surface finishing. This negates the need for future surface preparation, such as skimming with plaster. The introduction of the surface product has resulted in a marked increase in the usage of skim coat-free dry walls. If combined with the bend-a-corner process in the taping, this reliability increases. In addition, by using standard plasterboard screws, the process does not even need to stop for the screws to be inserted. This opens up the already large benefits to a greater number of dry walls, namely, a reduced labor time, jointing reinforcement with paper, improved health, safety on site, the removal of surfaces requiring undercoats and paints while still achieving the highest finish from a dry wall. The knowledge of other complementary products, such as the dry wall filler, is important. (Kupiński et al., 2020)

4.1. Residential Buildings

The application of tape and jointing in the construction of sensitive interior finishes and thermal retrofitting of residential dwellings has been identified as being of significant benefit to future work contributions. The scope for the integration of adequately detailed retrospective building physics modeling and integrated systems analysis of underfloor radiant heating and cooling technologies can be useful in the improvement of domestic energy conservation and associated standards of heating efficiency. In particular, the combination of identifying what can be integrated on an accurately surveyed plan of an existing building, understanding the details of the building's fabric construction, and any patterns of significant hot and cold temperatures associated with reflective and absorptive surfaces available in multi-occupier blocks and stand-alone houses. To this question, therefore, the key reporting component of the modeling, analysis, and report of the study is an explanation and demonstration of the adjustments made to create a thermal simulation of a room in an apartment or a dwelling converted from a masonry school building. The overall aim of the study commentary is to identify which type of non-technical reports can be understood as suitable useful features of the future development and position within a taxonomy of technical use in the evaluation of patterns of hot and cold weather effects, energy transmittance of single and combined reflective and absorptive surfaces, and associated potential utilization in the improvement of energy-efficient design and retrofits of existing day-to-day housing stock. The comments are structured according to a logical thought and section numbering convention of numerical headings and numbered subheading subsections, which are a brief and concise summary of technical subject matters being discussed. (Delzendehrooy et al.2022)

4.2. Commercial Structures

The use of tape and jointing in commercial structures has increased rapidly in recent years. The time saved on each job from reducing the drying time of joint filler can amount to a significant cost attraction. Contractors must have the option of speeding up the construction process. The use of fire-resistant boards or a high-viscoelastic joint polymeric compound that does not crack if subject to a major fire event could offer an improvement over the traditional solutions. Small-scale fire tests have shown that the application of a joint compound to a standard plasterboard wall makes an unacceptable situation worse. Further work is now being conducted to develop a system so that fire service personnel could predictably assess exactly how an unprotected faced wall or ceiling reacts in a major temperature rise. (Delzendehrooy et al.2022)

Other uses of the joint compound are being trialed. The use of the joint compound increases the mass and dims the sound when vibrated. Using different mix components or a varying number of plies leads to sound modification, accommodating the required sound frequency or acoustic isolation material depending on the specific application of the wall. Independently tested joints without and with a sticky tape connection have not only shown sound improvement. The joints without tape show unpredictable and early joint failure, while the bonded joints maintain integrity, even if the tape reduces vibration. The model can simulate the acoustic impedance test only when an existing model considers stress. The shear stress, modeling the cohesive element with a linear law settlement, simulates the durability of the compound, which once again needs to be accurately modeled, and the medial construction significantly improved. Other problems posed by the thin joint compound coating concern the presence of small fibers making the material pliable, but its market acceptance could now be guaranteed. (Lin et al.2021)(Pathak et al., 2022)

4.3. Industrial Facilities

Modern industrial buildings utilize a variety of walling methods such as cladding, curtain walls, and brick. Tape and jointing systems are employed in the internal lining of buildings. Dry construction materials are used, consisting of gypsum board linings hung on metal stud frameworks or directly secured to secondary finishes. Metal stud partitions consist of metal 'C' studs and metal tracks 25 mm deep and 0.55 mm thick. These studs and purlins are site-fixed and plumb straight. The gap between one stud and a maintain is up to 25 mm and not exceeding 600 mm using small filler studs made up of offcuts of metal studs and pop rivets. The plasterboard, 9.5 mm or 12 mm in thickness, is then fixed to the studs and tracks using drywall screws at a rate of 1.3 per square meter of board area. The screws are inserted through pre-punched knock-out flanges in the metal to any sharp edge in the stud behind and then fastened tightly by constant pouring from a screw gun. (Bobrova et al.2020)

The tape and jointing fillers are: embedded tape, which is a high-strength equalized wet strength paper tape specially designed with 0.2 mm holes to allow filler anchors, and corner tape with extended paper edges, paper face in angle, or chamfer backing strip for external corners, and paper edge with chamfer edges. The standard range of finishing techniques, which include reinforcing tape plus compound laid into external angles prior to tape and jointing, are continued in the same way as for interior work as a method statement. The main audience for this type of building is the building owner or his environmental consultant or representative wishing to gain a practical sustainable approach to this type of work. Under typical industrial sections 600 – 2400 mm and 3.0 – 5.0 m using a 'C' section lapped track fixed with proprietary partition tie brackets available. (Blank & Dorf, 2020)

Internal wall heights are determined by allowance for 50 mm high skirting boards and 25 mm shadow gaps below any dado roof treatment and above any flooring finishes. Joints must be installed, and depending on the restraint available, proprietary fasteners must have a design adequate to sustain self-weight loads. As an alternative, there are also self-adhesive composite jointing tapes available. Joint manufacturers can generally advise designers on the most appropriate options. Since CE marking of these types of joints is not mandatory, the other options under refer to MPS. Other conditions of contract, which took legal precedence, required joint construction tolerances significantly better than those of plasterboard to be up to 6 mm. These generally require a minimum and continuous perimeter up to 6 mm out to 20 meters. The dryline range comprises either manual or mechanical tape and jointing, continuous electronic walling, finishing systems, and other innovative solutions. These solutions include advanced jointing methods, state-of-the-art fasteners, and cutting-edge adhesive technologies designed to enhance wall stability and durability. The T-J system, a revolutionary jointless plank system, offers impressive specifications with up to 600/2400 mm fixing centers and up to 90 minutes fire resistance for same-day joint finishing. Furthermore, this system allows for the installation of 12 mm drywall with one-hour access, ensuring flexibility and efficiency in any construction project. With these advancements, the possibilities for creating flawless and robust internal walls have never been greater. Designers and contractors now have a wide array of choices to meet the highest standards of quality and performance. Whether it's manual or mechanical tape and jointing, continuous electronic walling, or the game-changing T-J system, the options are limitless. By embracing these cutting-edge techniques and materials, every interior space can be elevated to new heights of excellence and sophistication. (Tan et al.2020)

5. Future Trends and Innovations in Tape and Jointing

In 1910, the Gallic developer introduced the system of using mixing tubes and premixed jointing plasters. In June 1975, Part IIB of the Act applied to fixed installations required all domestic construction to use an approved type of dry lining. This could semi-enforce plasterboard to be used as the product needed to be joined with the plasterboard tapered edges, requiring the new rigid setting type jointing plasters. The new leveling plasters could be applied by stick and trowel process, but this method was slow and reliant on skills many jointers didn't have. Mixing plasters with water should have been completed in 50% less time than was the norm a decade ago, so recognizable time savings related mainly to this relatively small home market were achieved. (DRI)(Nebo & Chime2023)

The Domestic Dry Lining Act has been successful since its introduction, as a substantial amount of volume was drained away from the troweling plaster and mixers dry lining wall board system in favor of the machines and finishes typical of the tape and joint area. As a consequence of this volume drain, innovations have been generated in the area of the plasters and board that either try to compete with plasterboard and the tapering of the edges or take away this volume base in a different way. With the introduction of types of plasters, some types that require only preparation, use plasters with a longer than normal mentum and that have potential benefits that will relate to a faster application of the plaster. Some users will believe the uptake of single coat applications in fixed installations may become more popular and this will completely resolve the tapering of sides problem.

6. Recommendations for Further Studies

6.1. Extensive research on the quality of finished surfaces produced through manual tape and jointing is suggested. The main aim of such a study would be to enhance the plasterboard industry's know-how of the final plasterboard surfacing property and strength. An additional and comprehensive feature would be around the extent of obtained strength through the application of the numerous brands and types available, particularly in New Zealand and United Kingdom. Future studies could focus on comparing the strength achieved by different brands and types of tape and jointing products used in construction in New Zealand and the United Kingdom., with respect to whole design philosophy under consideration. During the same extensive research in the area, measurements could be undertaken of ambient temperature during the tape and jointing, and also descriptive statistics and statistical approach of house designs in terms of components. These would enable better and comprehensive constraints and guidelines to be developed for the construction industry practitioners. Acknowledging and publicizing, within the current dimension are critical areas of reinforcement, in this regard. (Delzendehrooy et al.2022)

6.2 By this latest approach and area, the recommendations which would be small be generally improved performance and the expert knowledge and expertise provision of employees. Earlier researchers had looked at performance and the significance of considering the sequence of components and their combinations in terms of strength, speed and quality control. There still remains an information gap on the current and specific details more-revisited due to variations and advanced techniques, therefore, avoiding disappointment. There is a consequence in not considering such details which nearly all of the previous research had overlooked. These factors go to the side or, in some cases, marketing collaborations and combative tenders for trade activities under considerable pressure to respond quickly to the building demand. With a practically limited time available, there are households and potential homeowners. Products and sub-technologies related to the construction industry, such as plasterboard, could appreciate more information or guidelines to be considered or provided. Advances in research designed to improve housing conditions and success are possible and essential. This information is not an assumption but a reflection on the availability of similar product information such as product colors: the product strength and weakness, properties and methods of engaging; their current construction. Such information is easily available for product and materials but residential or construction work related product aspects are a different story. Interpolator data analysis also indicates that quality, speed and cost are arbitrary. Their unexpected or not causal effects on private housing have been further measured. Having identical knowledge and varying beliefs about jointing, in terms of your selections, demonstrations and manufacturing methods, and about product design and manufacturing or implementation have been shown to be important dimensions in determining their relevance. All this need to confirm or upgrade the information currently available on plasterboards. Little has been done to account for these deficiencies. Short-term studies indicate, but are not confirmed by the homeowner complaint behavior in addition to general views, that if presented, the homeowner could possibly have a greater positive understanding and position. To establish the magnitude of the unfulfilled need or to estimate the performance and the likely behavior of homeowners, it is likely to require more studies to be conducted. (Huang et al.2021)

6.3 A likely framework would be drawn from profitable homeowners for further studies. A proportional mix with respect to various household groups as a whole portfolio, experiencing the outcome that varies and appeals would need to be involved in the studies. Other stakeholders such as architects, structural designers, product planners, and designers will also need to participate. Using the criteria that are essential to the economic stability within the construction necessarily employed, a degree and methodology more detailed and consistent dimension has been suggested to be enough. The preliminary but the broader and qualitative general description approach provides a first quantitative assessment dimension. At the end of the assessment itself, a more consistent viewpoint and conclusion, if not approach, has been suggested to be a novel contribution. This approach is applied to individually seek future longitudinal studies that can be generalized to private housing. The logical methods serve as useful tools. These latest methods that easily explain the effects and will barely lead to different conclusions. Frame is a verified and constant method for causing consumers for all goods. Data sources for consumers reveal an important picture, and have been studied, for researchers who can posits some of the consumers' preferences and satisfaction. Data are lacking, however, for consumers who dwell solely within the construction industry. In general, less is known as housing consumes requirements in terms of quality attributes and what is known is mainly limited to the flow of information, relationship amongst these contributors and the supply, demand, and price change variables influencing demand. 6.3 A likely framework would be drawn from profitable homeowners for further studies. A proportional mix with respect to various household groups as a whole portfolio, experiencing the outcome that varies and appeals would need to be involved in the studies. Other stakeholders such as architects, structural designers, product planners, and designers will also need to participate. Using the criteria that are essential to the economic stability within the construction necessarily employed, a degree and methodology more detailed and consistent dimension has been suggested to be enough. The preliminary but the broader and qualitative general description approach provides a first quantitative assessment dimension. At the end of the assessment itself, a more consistent viewpoint and conclusion, if not approach, has been suggested to be a novel contribution. This approach is applied to individually seek future longitudinal studies that can be generalized to private housing. The logical methods serve as useful tools. These latest methods that easily explain the effects and will barely lead to different conclusions. Frame is a verified and constant method for causing consumers for all goods. Data sources for consumers reveal an important picture, and have been studied, for researchers who can posits some of the consumers' preferences and satisfaction. Data are lacking, however, for consumers who dwell solely within the construction industry. In general, less is known as housing consumes requirements in terms of quality attributes and what is known is mainly limited to the flow of information, relationship amongst these contributors and the supply, demand, and price change variables influencing demand. In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the topic, it is imperative to explore various dimensions that can further enhance the existing knowledge base. Therefore, additional research studies should be conducted to obtain insights from a wider range of homeowners who have achieved significant profitability. It is crucial to ensure a representative mix of households from different socio-economic backgrounds, as this will add depth and richness to the overall portfolio of findings. By incorporating individuals who have experienced diverse outcomes and appeals, a comprehensive perspective can be developed, leading to more robust and reliable conclusions. Moreover, the involvement of various stakeholders, including architects, structural designers, product planners, and designers, is essential to gain a holistic understanding of the subject matter. Their expertise and input will contribute significantly to the overall study. By considering the criteria that are vital for economic stability within the construction industry, a more detailed and consistent methodology can be implemented. This comprehensive approach will provide a more nuanced understanding of the dynamics at play. Additionally, it is important to adopt a preliminary but broader qualitative approach before conducting a quantitative assessment. This initial phase will provide a solid foundation for the subsequent quantitative analysis, ultimately leading to a more accurate evaluation. Through this multi-dimensional assessment, a novel contribution can be made in terms of a more consistent viewpoint and possibly even an innovative approach. To ensure the generalizability of future studies, it is crucial to undertake longitudinal research that can be applied to private housing. By individually examining the longitudinal trends, valuable insights can be gained, allowing for a wider application of the findings. The logical methods employed throughout the study will serve as useful tools in understanding the cause-and-effect relationships within the subject matter. These cutting-edge methods are designed to easily explain the effects and minimize the likelihood of reaching different conclusions. It is worth noting that the frame of reference utilized in this research methodology is a verified and constant method that has proven effective in studying consumer behavior across various industries. By analyzing data sources that provide a comprehensive picture of consumers' preferences and satisfaction, researchers can gain valuable insights. However, it is essential to acknowledge that data regarding consumers within the construction industry are currently lacking. Therefore, there is a need for further research to bridge this knowledge gap and understand the specific requirements and quality attributes that influence housing consumption. Currently, the available information primarily revolves around the flow of information and the relationships among contributors within the housing market. Limited knowledge exists regarding the specific demands of housing consumers and how these demands are influenced by factors such as supply, demand, and price changes. To truly understand the intricacies of the housing market, additional studies are required to shed light on these aspects and enhance our overall understanding. (Turner et al.2020)

Reference:

Sanghvi, M. R., Tambare, O. H., & More, A. P., 2022. Performance of various fillers in adhesives applications: A review. Polymer Bulletin. [HTML]

Han, Z., Li, D., Zhou, T., Zhu, Q. and Ranjith, P.G., 2020. Experimental study of stress wave propagation and energy characteristics across rock specimens containing cemented mortar joint with various thicknesses. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 131, p.104352. [HTML]

Drawings, C.S. and Samples, D., 2021. SECTION 09 29 00 GYPSUM BOARD. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS. mdm-construction.com

Brosque, C., Hawkins, J. T., Dong, T., Örn, J., & Fischer, M., 2023. Comparison of on-site and off-site robot solutions to the traditional framing and drywall installation tasks. Construction Robotics. [HTML]

Kupiński, M., Stobieniecka, K., & Skowera, K., 2020. Influence of lightweight fillers on the performance of cement-based skim coat. Structure and Environment. sciendo.com

Delzendehrooy, F., Akhavan-Safar, A., Barbosa, A.Q., Beygi, R., Cardoso, D., Carbas, R.J.C., Marques, E.A.S. and Da Silva, L.F.M., 2022. A comprehensive review on structural joining techniques in the marine industry. Composite Structures, 289, p.115490. sciencedirect.com

Lin, C.C., Lee, W.C., Chen, J.C., Chen, S.J. and Lin, C.F., 2021. The influence of kinesio tape and an ankle brace on the lower extremity joint motion in fatigued, unstable ankles during a lateral drop landing. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(11), p.6081. mdpi.com

Pathak, P., Park, J. H., & Ahn, J., 2022. A PILOT STUDY ASSESSING EFFECTS OF TAPING THE ANKLE TENDONS ON POSTURAL CONTROL UNDER UNPREDICTABLE PERTURBATION. ISBS Proceedings Archive. nmu.edu

Bobrova, E.Y., Ter-Zakaryan, K.A., Zhukov, A.D., Medvedev, A.A. and Poserenin, A.I., 2020, June. Insulation systems of frameless buildings. In Materials Science Forum (Vol. 992, pp. 66-72). Trans Tech Publications Ltd. [HTML]

Blank, S. & Dorf, B., 2020. The startup owner's manual: The step-by-step guide for building a great company. [HTML]

Tan, T., Lu, W., Tan, G., Xue, F., Chen, K., Xu, J., Wang, J. and Gao, S., 2020. Construction-oriented design for manufacture and assembly guidelines. Journal of construction engineering and management, 146(8), p.04020085. hku.hk

DRI, W. G., . US CUSTOMARY UNITS. watkinsglen.us. watkinsglen.us

Nebo, I.J. and Chime, I.B., 2023. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRUCTURAL STRENGTH OF 225MM HOLLOW SANDCRETE BLOCKS AND BUILDING COLLAPSE IN SOUTH EAST, NIGERIA. Irish Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences, 7(4), pp.1-22. aspjournals.org

Huang, M.Q., Ninić, J. and Zhang, Q., 2021. BIM, machine learning and computer vision techniques in underground construction: Current status and future perspectives. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 108, p.103677. worktribe.com

Turner, C.J., Oyekan, J., Stergioulas, L. and Griffin, D., 2020. Utilizing industry 4.0 on the construction site: Challenges and opportunities. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 17(2), pp.746-756. ieee.org